Immunomodulator compounds

ABSTRACT

Compounds are provided that are useful as immunomodulators. The compounds have the following Formula (I):including stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Z, L, R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R2a, R2b, R2c, R3, R4, R5, R6a, R6b, m and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/047,545 filed Jul. 27, 2018, which application claims priority toU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/538,123 filed Jul. 28, 2017,the contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

NOT APPLICABLE

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAMLISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK

NOT APPLICABLE

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a member of the CD28superfamily that delivers negative signals upon interaction with its twoligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2. PD-1 and its ligands are broadly expressed andexert a wide range of immunoregulatory roles in T cell activation andtolerance. PD-1 and its ligands are involved in attenuating infectiousimmunity and tumor immunity, and facilitating chronic infection andtumor progression.

Modulation of the PD-1 pathway has therapeutic potential in varioushuman diseases (Hyun-Tak Jin et al., Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. (2011);350:17-37). Blockade of the PD-1 pathway has become an attractive targetin cancer therapy. Therapeutic antibodies that block the programmed celldeath protein-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway prevent T-cell downregulation and promote immune responses against cancer. Several PD-1pathway inhibitors have shown robust activity in various phases ofclinical trials (R D Harvey, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics(2014); 96(2), 214-223).

Accordingly, agents that block the interaction of PD-L1 with either PD-1or CD80 are desired. Some antibodies have been developed andcommercialized (FDA approved anti-PD-1 antibodies: Pembrolizumab &Nivolumab; FDA approved anti-PD-L1 antibodies: Atezolizumab, Avelumab &Durvalumab). A few patent applications disclosing non-peptidic smallmolecules have been published (WO 2015/160641, WO 2015/034820, WO2017/066227, WO 2018/00905, WO 2018/044963, and WO 2018/118848 from BMS;WO 2015/033299, WO 2015/033301, WO 2016/142886, WO 2016/142894, WO2018/051254, and WO 2018/051255 from Aurigene; WO 2017/070089, US2017/0145025, WO 2017/106634, US2017/0174679, US 2017/0107216, WO2017/112730, WO 2017/192961, WO 2017/205464, WO 2017/222976, WO2018/013789, WO 2018/044783, WO 2018/119221, WO 2018/119224, WO2018/119236, WO 2018/119263, WO 2018/119266, and WO 2018/119286 fromIncyte). However, there is still a need for alternative compounds suchas small molecules as inhibitors of PD-L1 which may have advantageouscharacteristics in term of oral administration, stability,bioavailability, therapeutic index, and toxicity.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In one aspect, provided herein are compounds having the formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(1a), R^(1b),R^(1c), R^(1d), R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), R³, R⁴, R⁵, R^(6a), R^(6b), m,n, L and Z are as defined herein.

In addition to the compounds provided herein, the present disclosurefurther provides pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more ofthese compounds, as well as methods associated with preparation and useof such compounds. In some embodiments, the compounds are used intherapeutic methods to treat diseases associated with the PD-1/PD-L1pathway.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Not Applicable

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE Abbreviation and Definitions

The terms “a,” “an,” or “the” as used herein not only include aspectswith one member, but also include aspects with more than one member. Forinstance, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, forexample, reference to “a cell” includes a plurality of such cells andreference to “the agent” includes reference to one or more agents knownto those skilled in the art, and so forth.

The terms “about” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptabledegree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precisionof the measurements. Typical, exemplary degrees of error are within 20percent (%), preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% of agiven value or range of values. Alternatively, and particularly inbiological systems, the terms “about” and “approximately” may meanvalues that are within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-foldand more preferably within 2-fold of a given value. Numerical quantitiesgiven herein are approximate unless stated otherwise, meaning that theterm “about” or “approximately” can be inferred when not expresslystated.

The term “alkyl”, by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group,having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C₁₋₈ means one toeight carbons). Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl,n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. The term “alkenyl” refers toan unsaturated alkyl group having one or more double bonds. Similarly,the term “alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated alkyl group having one ormore triple bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl, 2-propenyl,crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl and3-(1,4-pentadienyl). Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, 1- and3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. The term“cycloalkyl” refers to hydrocarbon rings having the indicated number ofring atoms (e.g., C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl) and being fully saturated or havingno more than one double bond between ring vertices. “Cycloalkyl” is alsomeant to refer to bicyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbon rings such as, forexample, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, etc. The bicyclicor polycyclic rings may be fused, bridged, spiro or a combinationthereof. The term “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl” refers to acycloalkyl group that contain from one to five heteroatoms selected fromN, O, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionallyoxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Theheterocycloalkyl may be a monocyclic, a bicyclic or a polycylic ringsystem. The bicyclic or polycyclic rings may be fused, bridged, spiro ora combination thereof. It is understood that the recitation for C₄₋₁₂heterocyclyl, refers to a group having from 4 to 12 ring members whereat least one of the ring members is a heteroatom. Non limiting examplesof heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidine, imidazolidine,pyrazolidine, butyrolactam, valerolactam, imidazolidinone, tetrazolone,hydantoin, dioxolane, phthalimide, piperidine, 1,4-dioxane, morpholine,thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine-S-oxide, thiomorpholine-S,S-oxide,piperazine, pyran, pyridone, 3-pyrroline, thiopyran, pyrone,tetrahydrofuran, tetrhydrothiophene, quinuclidine, and the like. Aheterocycloalkyl group can be attached to the remainder of the moleculethrough a ring carbon or a heteroatom.

The term “alkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means adivalent group derived from an alkane, as exemplified by —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—.Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 12 carbonatoms, with those groups having 8 or fewer carbon atoms being preferredin the present disclosure. Similarly, “alkenylene” and “alkynylene”refer to the unsaturated forms of “alkylene” having double or triplebonds, respectively.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term,means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, orcyclic hydrocarbon group, or combinations thereof, consisting of thestated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogenand sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatommay optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N and S may beplaced at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. The heteroatomSi may be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl group, including theposition at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of themolecule. Examples include —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃,—CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂, —S(O)—CH₃,—CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CHO—CH₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, and—CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as,for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃ and —CH₂—O—Si(CH₃)₃. Similarly, the terms“heteroalkenyl” and “heteroalkynyl” by itself or in combination withanother term, means, unless otherwise stated, an alkenyl group oralkynyl group, respectively, that contains the stated number of carbonsand having from one to three heteroatoms selected from the groupconsisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atomsmay optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally bequaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interiorposition of the heteroalkyl group.

The term “heteroalkylene” by itself or as part of another substituentmeans a divalent group, saturated or unsaturated or polyunsaturated,derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified by —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂CH₂— and—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—, —O—CH₂—CH═CH—, —CH₂—CH═C(H)CH₂—O—CH₂— and—S—CH₂—C═C—. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupyeither or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy,alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like).

The terms “alkoxy,” “alkylamino” and “alkylthio” (or thioalkoxy) areused in their conventional sense, and refer to those alkyl groupsattached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, an aminogroup, or a sulfur atom, respectively. Additionally, for dialkylaminogroups, the alkyl portions can be the same or different and can also becombined to form a 3-7 membered ring with the nitrogen atom to whicheach is attached. Accordingly, a group represented as —NR^(a)R^(b) ismeant to include piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, azetidinyl andthe like.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of anothersubstituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl,” aremeant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term“C₁₋₄ haloalkyl” is mean to include trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” or “alkyl-OH” refers to an alkyl group, asdefined above, where at least one (and up to three) of the hydrogenatoms is replaced with a hydroxy group. As for the alkyl group,hydroxyalkyl groups can have any suitable number of carbon atoms, suchas C₁₋₆. Exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to,hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl (where the hydroxy is in the 1- or2-position), hydroxypropyl (where the hydroxy is in the 1-, 2- or3-position), and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl.

The term “C₁₋₃ alkyl-guanidinyl” refers to a C₁₋₃ alkyl group, asdefined above, where at least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced witha guanidinyl group (—NHC(NH)NH₂).

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated,typically aromatic, hydrocarbon group which can be a single ring ormultiple rings (up to three rings) which are fused together or linkedcovalently. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) thatcontain from one to five heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, whereinthe nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogenatom(s) are optionally quaternized. A heteroaryl group can be attachedto the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom. It is understoodthat the recitation for C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl, refers to a heteroaryl moietyhaving from 5 to 10 ring members where at least one of the ring membersis a heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl,naphthyl and biphenyl, while non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groupsinclude pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimindinyl, triazinyl,quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalaziniyl,benzotriazinyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, isobenzofuryl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzotriazinyl,thienopyridinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl,imidazopyridines, benzothiaxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl,quinolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, pteridinyl,imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl,pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, thienyl and the like. Substituents for eachof the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected fromthe group of acceptable substituents described below.

The term “carbocyclic ring,” “carbocyclic” or “carbocyclyl” refers tocyclic moieties with only carbon atoms as ring vertices. Carbocyclicring moieties are saturated or unsaturated and can be aromatic.Generally, carbocyclic moieties have from 3 to 10 ring members.Carbocylic moieties with multiple ring structure (e.g. bicyclic) caninclude a cycloalkyl ring fused to an aromatic ring (e.g.1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene). Thus, carbocyclic rings includecyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl, naphthyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl. Theterm “heterocyclic ring” refers to both “heterocycloalkyl” and“heteroaryl” moieties. Thus, heterocyclic rings are saturated orunsaturated and can be aromatic. Generally, heterocyclic rings are 4 to10 ring members and include piperidinyl, tetrazinyl, pyrazolyl andindolyl.

When any of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “aryl” and “heteroaryl”) arereferred to as ‘substituted’ without further notation on thesubstituents, the substituted forms of the indicated group will be asprovided below.

Substituents for the alkyl groups (including those groups often referredto as alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl) can be a variety ofgroups selected from: -halogen, —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, —SiR′R″R′″,—OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′,—NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NH—C(NH₂)═NH, —NR′C(NH₂)═NH,—NH—C(NH₂)═NR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′S(O)₂R″, —CN and—NO₂ in a number ranging from zero to (2 m′+1), where m′ is the totalnumber of carbon atoms in such group. R′, R″ and R′″ each independentlyrefer to hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens, unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ alkoxy or C₁₋₈ thioalkoxy groups, or unsubstitutedaryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl groups. When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogenatom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 3-, 4-, 5-,6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″ is meant to include1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. The term “acyl” as used by itself oras part of another group refers to an alkyl group wherein twosubstitutents on the carbon that is closest to the point of attachmentfor the group is replaced with the substitutent ═O (e.g., —C(O)CH₃,—C(O)CH₂CH₂OR′ and the like).

Similarly, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are variedand are generally selected from: -halogen, —OR′, —OC(O)R′, —NR′R″, —SR′,—R′, —CN, —NO₂, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′,—NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NH—C(NH₂)═NH, —NR′C(NH₂)═NH,—NH—C(NH₂)═NR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′S(O)₂R″, —N₃,perfluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and perfluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number rangingfrom zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ringsystem; and where R′, R″ and R′″ are independently selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl,unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl, (unsubstituted aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, andunsubstituted aryloxy-C₁₋₄ alkyl. Other suitable substituents includeeach of the above aryl substituents attached to a ring atom by analkylene tether of from 1-4 carbon atoms.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-T-C(O)—(CH₂)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NH—, —O—, —CH₂—or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 2. Alternatively, twoof the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CH₂—, —O—, —NH—,—S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integerof from 1 to 3. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed mayoptionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of thesubstituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula—(CH₂)_(s)—X—(CH₂)_(t)—, where s and t are independently integers offrom 0 to 3, and X is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—.The substituent R′ in —NR′— and —S(O)₂NR′— is selected from hydrogen orunsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroatom” is meant to include oxygen (O),nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si).

The disclosure herein further relates to prodrugs and bioisosteresthereof. Suitable bioisosteres, for example, will include carboxylatereplacements (phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids, sulfonic acids,sulfinic acids, and acidic heterocyclic groups such as tetrazoles).Suitable prodrugs will include those conventional groups known tohydrolyze and/or oxidize under physiological conditions to provide acompound of Formula I.

The terms “patient” and “subject” include primates (especially humans),domesticated companion animals (such as dogs, cats, horses, and thelike) and livestock (such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and the like).

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” encompasses bothdisease-modifying treatment and symptomatic treatment, either of whichmay be prophylactic (i.e., before the onset of symptoms, in order toprevent, delay or reduce the severity of symptoms) or therapeutic (i.e.,after the onset of symptoms, in order to reduce the severity and/orduration of symptoms).

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include saltsof the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxicacids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on thecompounds described herein. When compounds of the present disclosurecontain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can beobtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of salts derived frompharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium,calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic,manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Salts derived frompharmaceutically-acceptable organic bases include salts of primary,secondary and tertiary amines, including substituted amines, cyclicamines, naturally-occurring amines and the like, such as arginine,betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine,2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine,glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine,methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperadine, polyamine resins,procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like. When compounds of the presentdisclosure contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition saltscan be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid additionsalts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric,hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric,monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric,monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, aswell as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids likeacetic, propionic, isobutyric, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic,fumaric, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric,tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts ofamino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acidslike glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example,Berge, S. M., et al, “Pharmaceutical Salts”, Journal of PharmaceuticalScience, 1977, 66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the presentdisclosure contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow thecompounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.

The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting thesalt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in theconventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from thevarious salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility inpolar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parentform of the compound for the purposes of the present disclosure.

Certain compounds of the present disclosure can exist in unsolvatedforms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general,the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intendedto be encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. Certaincompounds of the present disclosure may exist in multiple crystalline oramorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for theuses contemplated by the present disclosure and are intended to bewithin the scope of the present disclosure.

Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbonatoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers,geometric isomers, regioisomers and individual isomers (e.g., separateenantiomers) are all intended to be encompassed within the scope of thepresent invention. When a stereochemical depiction is shown, it is meantto refer to the compound in which one of the isomers is present andsubstantially free of the other isomer. ‘Substantially free of’ anotherisomer indicates at least an 80/20 ratio of the two isomers, morepreferably 90/10, or 95/5 or more. In some embodiments, one of theisomers will be present in an amount of at least 99%.

The compounds of the present disclosure may also contain unnaturalproportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms thatconstitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may beradiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium(3H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations ofthe compounds of the present disclosure, whether radioactive or not, areintended to be encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure.For example, the compounds may be prepared such that any number ofhydrogen atoms are replaced with a deuterium (²H) isotope. The compoundsof the present disclosure may also contain unnatural proportions ofatomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute suchcompounds. Unnatural proportions of an isotope may be defined as rangingfrom the amount found in nature to an amount consisting of 100% of theatom in question. For example, the compounds may incorporate radioactiveisotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) orcarbon-14 (¹⁴C), or non-radioactive isotopes, such as deuterium (2H) orcarbon-13 (¹³C). Such isotopic variations can provide additionalutilities to those described elsewhere within this application. Forinstance, isotopic variants of the compounds of the disclosure may findadditional utility, including but not limited to, as diagnostic and/orimaging reagents, or as cytotoxic/radiotoxic therapeutic agents.Additionally, isotopic variants of the compounds of the disclosure canhave altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics whichcan contribute to enhanced safety, tolerability or efficacy duringtreatment. All isotopic variations of the compounds of the presentdisclosure, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassedwithin the scope of the present disclosure.

Compounds

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds having theformula (I)

-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug or    bioisostere thereof; wherein:-   each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(1c) and R^(1d) is independently selected    from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl and    —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl and —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl are    optionally further substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, methoxy or    ethoxy;-   L is a linking group selected from the group consisting of:

-   wherein each of the subscripts q is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4, and    L is optionally further substituted with one or two members selected    from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₃ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₃    alkyl, C₁₋₃ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl and —CO₂H;-   Z is selected from the group consisting of azetidinyl, pyrollidinyl,    piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, guanidinyl,    quinuclidine, and 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, each of which is    optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently    selected from halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₃ alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₃alkyl,    —N(C₁₋₃alkyl)₂, —O—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl and    —CO₂H;-   or-   Z is selected from the group consisting of —CO₂R^(a) and    NR^(a)R^(b); wherein R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of    H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl and C₁₋₈ hydroxyalkyl; and R is    selected from —C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₈ alkyl-COOH, C₁₋₈    alkyl-OH, C₁₋₈ alkyl-CONH₂, C₁₋₈ alkyl-SO₂NH₂, C₁₋₈ alkyl-PO₃H₂,    C₁₋₈ alkyl-C(O)NHOH, —C(O)—C₁₋₈alkyl-OH, —C(O)—C₁₋₈ alkyl-COOH,    C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, —C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-COOH, —C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-OH, C₄₋₈    heterocyclyl, —C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl-COOH, —C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl-OH, —C₁₋₈    alkyl-C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀    heteroaryl and —C₁₋₈alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl;-   each R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) is independently selected from the    group consisting of H, halogen, —CN, —R^(d), —CO₂R^(e),    —CONR^(e)R^(f), —OC(O)NR^(e)R^(f), —NR^(f)C(O)R^(e),    —NR^(f)C(O)₂R^(d), —NR^(e)—C(O)NR^(e)R^(f), —NR^(e)R^(f), —OR^(e),    —X²—OR^(e), —X²—NR^(e)R^(f), —X²—CO₂R^(e), —SF₅, and    —S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(f), wherein each X² is a C₁₋₄ alkylene; each R^(e)    and R^(f) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and    C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, or when attached to the same nitrogen atom can be    combined with the nitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered ring    having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ring members selected    from N, O and S, and optionally substituted with oxo; each R^(d) is    independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈    alkenyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl;-   R³ is selected from the group consisting of —NR^(g)R^(h) and C₄₋₁₂    heterocyclyl, wherein the C₄₋₁₂ heterocyclyl is optionally    substituted with 1 to 6 R^(3a);-   each R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of    halogen, —CN, —R^(j), —CO₂R^(j), —CONR^(j)R^(k), —CONHC₁₋₆ alkyl-OH,    —C(O)R^(j), —OC(O)NR^(j)R^(k), —NR^(j)C(O)R^(k), —NR^(j)C(O)₂R^(k),    —CONHOH, PO₃H₂, —NR^(j)—X³—C(O)₂R^(k), —NR^(j)C(O)NR^(j)R^(k),    —NR^(j)R^(k), —OR^(j), —S(O)₂NR^(j)R^(k), —O—X³—OR^(j),    —O—X³—NR^(j)R^(k), —O—X³—CO₂R^(j), —O—X³—CONR^(j)R^(k), —X³—OR^(j),    —X³—NR^(j)R^(k), —X³—CO₂R^(j), —X³—CONR^(j)R^(k), and SF₅; wherein    X³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene and is optionally further substituted with OH,    SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈-alkyl or CO₂H, wherein each    R^(j) and R^(k) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl    optionally substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from OH,    SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈-alkyl or CO₂H, and C₁₋₈    haloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected    from OH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈alkyl or CO₂H, or    when attached to the same nitrogen atom R^(j) and R^(k) can be    combined with the nitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered ring    having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ring members selected    from N, O or S, and optionally substituted with oxo; each R^(i) is    independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, C₁₋₈ alkyl,    C₂₋₈ alkenyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl each of which may be optionally    substituted with OH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈-alkyl    or CO₂H;-   R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl and    C₁₋₈ alkyl;-   R^(h) is selected from —C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₈    hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₈-alkyl-CO₂R^(j), C₁₋₈-alkyl-CONR^(j)R^(k), and    C₁₋₈-alkyl-CONHSO₂R^(j), C₁₋₈ alkyl-SO₂NR^(j)R^(k), C₁₋₈    alkyl-PO₃H₂, C₁₋₈ alkyl-C(O)NHOH, C₁₋₈ alkyl-NR^(h1)R^(h2),    —C(O)R^(j), C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, —C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-COOR^(j), —C₃₋₁₀    cycloalkyl-OR^(j), C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl, —C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl-COOR^(j),    —C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl-OR^(j), —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl,    —C(═O)OC₁₋₈ alkyl-C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,    C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl, —C₁₋₈-alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀    aryl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-(C═O)—C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —CO₂—C₁₋₈ alkyl-O₂C—C₁₋₈ alkyl,    —C₁₋₈ alkyl-NH(C═O)—C₂₋₈ alkenyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-NH(C═O)—C₁₋₈ alkyl,    —C₁₋₈ alkyl-NH(C═O)—C₂₋₈ alkynyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-(C═O)—NH—C₁₋₈    alkyl-COOR^(j), and —C₁₋₈ alkyl-(C═O)—NH—C₁₋₈ alkyl-OR^(j)    optionally substituted with CO₂H; or    -   R^(h) combined with the N to which it is attached is a mono-,        di- or tri-peptide comprising 1-3 natural amino acids and 0-2        non-natural amino acids, wherein    -   the non-natural aminoacids have an alpha carbon substituent        selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₄ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃        alkyl-guanidinyl, and C₁₋₄ alkyl-heteroaryl,    -   the alpha carbon of each natural or non-natural amino acids are        optionally further substituted with a methyl group, and    -   the terminal moiety of the mono-, di-, or tri-peptide is        selected from the group consisting of C(O)OH, C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl,        and PO₃H₂, wherein    -   R^(h1) and R^(h2) are each independently selected from the group        consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ hydroxyalkyl;    -   the C₁₋₈ alkyl portions of R^(h) are optionally further        substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected        from OH, COOH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, COO—C₁₋₈ alkyl, PO₃H₂        and C₅₋₆ heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 to 2 C₁₋₃        alkyl substituents,    -   the C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl and the C₆₋₁₀ aryl portions of R^(h) are        optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently        selected from OH, B(OH)₂, COOH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂,        COO—C₁₋₈-alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl-OH, C₁₋₄alkyl-SO₂NH₂, C₁₋₄        alkyl-CONH₂, C₁₋₄alkyl-C(O)NHOH, C₁₋₄alkyl-PO₃H₂,        C₁₋₄alkyl-COOH, and phenyl and the C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl and C₃₋₁₀        cycloalkyl portions of R^(h) are optionally substituted with 1        to 4 R^(w) substituents;-   each R^(w) substituent is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl,    C₁₋₄ alkyl-OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl-COOH, C₁₋₄ alkyl-SO₂NH₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl CONH₂,    C₁₋₄ alkyl-C(O)NHOH, C₁₋₄ alkyl-PO₃H, OH, COO—C₁₋₈ alkyl, COOH,    SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂ and oxo;-   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O—C₁₋₈ alkyl, O—C₁₋₈    haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-C₄₋₇    heterocycloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀aryl and —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-C₅₋₁₀    heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5    R^(4a);-   each R^(4a) is independently selected from the group consisting of    halogen, —CN, —R^(m), —CO₂R^(n), —CONR^(n)R^(p), —C(O)R^(n),    —OC(O)NR^(n)R^(p), —NR^(n)C(O)R^(p), —NR^(n)C(O)₂R^(m),    —NR^(n)—C(O)NR^(n)R^(p), —NR^(n)R^(p), —OR^(n), —O—X⁴—OR^(n),    —O—X⁴—NR^(n)R^(p), —O—X⁴—CO₂R^(n), —O—X⁴—CONR^(n)R^(p), —X⁴—OR^(n),    —X⁴—NR^(n)R^(p), —X⁴—CO₂R^(n), —X⁴—CONR^(n)R^(p), —SF₅,    —S(O)₂R^(n)R^(p), —S(O)₂NR^(n)R^(p), C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl and C₄₋₇    heterocycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl rings    are optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R^(t), wherein each R^(t) is    independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₈ alkyl,    C₁₋₈haloalkyl, —CO₂R^(n), —CONR^(n)R^(p), —C(O)R^(n),    —OC(O)NR^(n)R^(p), —NR^(n)C(O)R^(p), —NR^(n)C(O)₂R^(m),    —NR^(n)—C(O)NR^(n)R^(p), —NR^(n)R^(p), —OR^(n), —O—X⁴—OR^(n),    —O—X⁴—NR^(n)R^(p), —O—X⁴—CO₂R^(n), —O—X⁴—CONR^(n)R^(p), —X⁴—OR^(n),    —X⁴—NR^(n)R^(p), —X⁴—CO₂R^(n), —X⁴—CONR^(n)R^(p), —SF₅, and    —S(O)₂NR^(n)R^(p);-   wherein each X⁴ is a C₁₋₆ alkylene; each R^(n) and R^(p) is    independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈    haloalkyl, or when attached to the same nitrogen atom can be    combined with the nitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered ring    having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ring members selected    from N, O or S, and optionally substituted with oxo; each R^(m) is    independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈    alkenyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; and optionally when two R^(4a)    substituents are on adjacent atoms, they are combined to form a    fused five or six-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring    optionally substituted with oxo;-   n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;-   each R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of    halogen, —CN, —R^(q), —C₂R^(r), —CONR^(r)R^(s), —C(O)R^(r),    —OC(O)NR^(r)R^(s), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(s), —NR^(r)C(O)₂R^(s),    —NR^(r)—C(O)NR^(r)R^(s), —NR^(r)R^(s), —OR^(r), —O—X—OR^(r),    —O—X—NR^(r)R^(s), —O—X⁵—CO₂R^(r), —O—X—CONR^(r)R^(s), —X⁵—OR^(r),    —X⁵—NR^(r)R^(s), —X⁵—CO₂R^(r), —X⁵—CONR^(r)R^(s), —SF₅,    —S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(s), wherein each X⁵ is a C₁₋₄ alkylene; each R^(r)    and R^(s) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and    C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, or when attached to the same nitrogen atom can be    combined with the nitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered ring    having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ring members selected    from N, O or S, and optionally substituted with oxo; each R^(q) is    independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₈ alkyl, and    C₁₋₈ haloalkyl;-   R^(6a) is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₄ alkyl and    C₁₋₄haloalkyl;-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;-   each R^(6b) is independently selected from the group consisting of    F, C₁₋₄ alkyl, O—R^(u), C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, NR^(u)R^(v), wherein each    R^(u) and R^(v) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl,    and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, or when attached to the same nitrogen atom can    be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered    ring having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ring members    selected from N, O or S, and optionally substituted with oxo.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds havingformula (Ia) or (Ib):

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds havingformula (Ia1) or (Ia2):

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each of R^(2a),R^(2b) and R^(2c) is independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halogen, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R^(2b) and R^(2c)are both H and R^(2a) is selected from the group consisting of halogen,C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, —CN, —OMe and OEt. In someembodiments, R^(2b) and R^(2c) are both H and R^(2a) is halogen. In someembodiments, R^(2b) and R^(2c) are both H and R^(2a) is Cl.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R³ is NR^(g)R^(h).In some embodiments, R³ is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R³ is —NR^(g)R^(h),and is selected from the group consisting of

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R³ is —NR^(g)R^(h),and R^(h) combined with the N to which it is attached is a mono-, di- ortri-peptide comprising 1-3 natural amino acids and 0-2 non-natural aminoacids, wherein

-   -   the non-natural aminoacids have an alpha carbon substituent        selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₄ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃        alkyl-guanidinyl, and C₁₋₄ alkyl-heteroaryl,    -   the alpha carbon of each natural or non-natural amino acids are        optionally further substituted with a methyl group, and    -   the terminal moiety of the mono-, di-, or tri-peptide is        selected from the group consisting of C(O)OH, C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl,        and PO₃H₂.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each natural aminoacid of R^(h) is independently selected from the group consisting ofserine, alanine, glycine, lysine, arginin, threonine, phenylalanine,tyrosine, asparatate, asparagine, histidine, and leucine.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁴ is selected fromthe group consisting of:

In selected embodiments, R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, n is 0.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R^(6a) and R^(6b)are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the group Z-L- isselected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the group Z-L- isselected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia) and (Ib), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, m is 0.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia) and (Ib), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, m is 1 and R^(6b) is selectedfrom the group consisting of F, C₁₋₄ alkyl, O—R^(u), C₁₋₄ haloalkyl andNR^(u)R^(v), wherein each R^(u) and R^(v) is independently selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, for each of formula (I), (Ia) and (Ib), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, m is 1 and R^(6b) is F.

In addition to the compounds provided above, pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of those compounds are also provided. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutically acceptable salts are selected from ammonium, calcium,magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, arginine, betaine, caffeine,choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine,2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine,glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine,methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperadine, procaine, purines,theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine,tromethamine, hydrochloric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric,monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, acetic, propionic,isobutyric, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, mandelic,phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric,methanesulfonic, arginate, glucuronic acid and galactunoric acids. Insome embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts are selectedfrom ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, hydrochloric,carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric,dihydrogenphosphoric, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, malonic, benzoic,succinic, suberic, fumaric, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic,p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, arginate, glucuronicacid and galactunoric acids. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are sodium or hydrochloric.

In addition to salt forms, the present disclosure provides compoundswhich are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described hereinare those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes underphysiological conditions to provide the compounds of the presentdisclosure. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds ofthe present disclosure by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivoenvironment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to thecompounds of the present disclosure when placed in a transdermal patchreservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

An ester may be used as a prodrug for the corresponding carboxylic acid.A C₁₋₁₀ alkyl ester or a C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl ester may be used as a prodrugfor the corresponding carboxylic acid. The following esters may be used:ter-butyl ester, methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester. Morespecifically, ester prodrugs may be used as R³ groups such as threonineor serine prodrug esters which are linked to the rest of the moleculethrough their nitrogen. More specifically, the following prodrugs may beused for R³:

More specifically, the following prodrugs may be used for R³:

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In addition to the compounds provided herein, compositions of thosecompounds will typically contain a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.

The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a productcomprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as wellas any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinationof the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. By“pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent orexcipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of the present disclosure including a compound of Formula (II),(IIa), (IIb), (I), (Ia), or (Ib) or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, is provided.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprisesone or more additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the oneor more additional therapeutic agent is selected from the groupconsisting of an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral agent, a cytotoxicagent, a gene expression modulatory agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, ananti-cancer agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an immunotherapeutic agent,an anti-hormonal agent, an anti-fibrotic agent, radiotherapy, aradiotherapeutic agent, an anti-neoplastic agent, and ananti-proliferation agent. In some embodiments, the one or moreadditional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting ofone or more of CCX354, CCX9588, CCX140, CCX872, CCX598, CCX6239,CCX9664, CCX2553, CCX 2991, CCX282, CCX025, CCX507, CCX430, CCX765,CCX224, CCX662, CCX650, CCX832, CCX168, and CCX168-M1.

The pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of the compoundsof this disclosure may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form andmay be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacyand drug delivery. All methods include the step of bringing the activeingredient into association with the carrier which constitutes one ormore accessory ingredients. In general, the pharmaceutical compositionsare prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredientinto association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrieror both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desiredformulation. In the pharmaceutical composition the active objectcompound is included in an amount sufficient to produce the desiredeffect upon the process or condition of diseases.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may bein a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches,lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules,emulsions and self-emulsifications as described in U.S. PatentApplication 2002-0012680, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs,solutions, buccal patch, oral gel, chewing gum, chewable tablets,effervescent powder and effervescent tablets. Compositions intended fororal use may be prepared according to any method known to the art forthe manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions maycontain one or more agents selected from the group consisting ofsweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, antioxidants andpreserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant andpalatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient inadmixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients whichare suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be forexample, inert diluents, such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminumoxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol,lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating anddisintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid;binding agents, for example PVP, cellulose, PEG, starch, gelatin oracacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearicacid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated,enterically or otherwise, by known techniques to delay disintegrationand absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide asustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delaymaterial such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may beemployed. They may also be coated by the techniques described in theU.S. Pat. Nos. 4,256,108; 4,166,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotictherapeutic tablets for control release.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsuleswherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, forexample, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) of various average sizes (e.g., PEG400, PEG4000) andcertain surfactants such as cremophor or solutol, or as soft gelatincapsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oilmedium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.Additionally, emulsions can be prepared with a non-water miscibleingredient such as oils and stabilized with surfactants such as mono- ordi-glycerides, PEG esters and the like.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Suchexcipients are suspending agents, for example sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxy-propylmethylcellulose,sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide,for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide withfatty acids, for example polyoxy-ethylene stearate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, forexample heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products ofethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and ahexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acidsand hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, forexample ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloringagents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents,such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredientin a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil orcoconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oilysuspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hardparaffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forthabove, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oralpreparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of ananti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient inadmixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and oneor more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloringagents, may also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may also be in theform of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil,for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for exampleliquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may benaturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth,naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, andesters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitolanhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation productsof the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for examplepolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also containsweetening and flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for exampleglycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations mayalso contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloringagents. Oral solutions can be prepared in combination with, for example,cyclodextrin, PEG and surfactants.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterileinjectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension. This suspension may beformulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employedincluding synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids suchas oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

The compounds of the present disclosure may also be administered in theform of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. Thesecompositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitablenon-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures butliquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectumto release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter andpolyethylene glycols. Additionally, the compounds can be administeredvia ocular delivery by means of solutions or ointments. Still further,transdermal delivery of the subject compounds can be accomplished bymeans of iontophoretic patches and the like. For topical use, creams,ointments, jellies, solutions or suspensions, etc., containing thecompounds of the present disclosure are employed. As used herein,topical application is also meant to include the use of mouth washes andgargles.

The compounds of this disclosure may also be coupled a carrier that is asuitable polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can includepolyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxy-propyl-methacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxyethyl-aspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of thedisclosure may be coupled to a carrier that is a class of biodegradablepolymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for examplepolylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic andpolyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid,polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates andcross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. Polymers andsemipermeable polymer matrices may be formed into shaped articles, suchas valves, stents, tubing, prostheses and the like. In one embodiment ofthe disclosure, the compound of the disclosure is coupled to a polymeror semipermeable polymer matrix that is formed as a stent or stent-graftdevice.

Methods of Treating Diseases and Disorders

The compounds of the disclosure may be used as immunomodulators. Thecompounds of the disclosure may be used as agonists, antagonists,partial agonists, inverse agonists, inhibitors of PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in avariety of contexts, both in vitro and in vivo. In some embodiments, thecompounds of the disclosure may be used as inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1protein protein interaction. In some embodiments, the compounds of thedisclosure may be used as inhibitors of PD-L1. In some embodiments, thecompounds of the disclosure may be used as inhibitors of the CD80/PD-L1protein protein interaction. In some embodiments, the compounds of thedisclosure may be used to inhibit the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1and/or PD-1 and CD80 and/or PD-1 and PD-L2 in vitro or in vivo. In someembodiments, the compounds of the disclosure may be used to inhibitVISTA and/or TIM-3. In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosuremay be inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 protein protein interaction andinhibitors of VISTA and/or TIM-3. In some embodiments, in addition tobeing inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 protein protein interaction, thecompounds of the disclosure may be inhibitors of CTLA-4 and/or BTLAand/or LAG-3 and/or KLRG-1 and/or 2B4 and/or CD160 and/or HVEM and/orCD48 and/or E-cadherin and/or MHC-II and/or galectin-9 and/or CD86and/or PD-L2 and/or VISTA and/or TIM-3 and/or CD80.

The compounds of the disclosure may be contacted with the receptor theyinteract with, in aqueous solution and under conditions otherwisesuitable for binding of the ligand to the receptor. The receptor may bepresent in suspension (e.g., in an isolated membrane or cellpreparation), in a cultured or isolated cell, or in a tissue or organ.

Preferably, the amount of the compounds of the disclosure contacted withthe receptor should be sufficient to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 binding invitro as measured, for example, using an ELISA. The receptor may bepresent in solution or suspension, in a cultured or isolated cellpreparation or within a patient.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure are usefulfor restoring and augmenting T cell activation. In some embodiments, thecompounds of the present disclosure are useful for enhancing an immuneresponse in a patient. In some embodiments, the compounds of the presentdisclosure are useful for treating, preventing, or slowing theprogression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas,such as cancer and infectious diseases.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be usedfor treating patients suffering from conditions that are responsive toPD-1/PD-L1 protein protein interaction modulation.

In some embodiments, a method of modulating an immune response mediatedby the PD-1 signaling pathway in a subject, comprising administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of thepresent disclosure including a compound of Formula Formula (I), (Ia), or(Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a compositioncomprising a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided.

In some embodiments, a method of enhancing, stimulating, modulatingand/or increasing the immune response in a subject in need thereof,comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of the present disclosure including a compound ofFormula (I), (Ia), or (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof or a composition of a compound of the present disclosureincluding a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided.

In some embodiments, a method of inhibiting growth, proliferation, ormetastasis of cancer cells in a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of the present disclosure including a compound of Formula (II),(IIa), (IIb), (I), (Ia), or (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof or a composition of a compound of the present disclosureincluding a compound of Formula (II), (IIa), (IIb), (I), (Ia), or (Ib),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided.

In some embodiments, a method of treating a subject in need thereof,comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of the present disclosure including a compound ofFormula (I), (Ia), or (Ib), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof or a composition of a compound of the present disclosureincluding a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided.

In some embodiments, the subject suffers from a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of an infectious disease, a bacterialinfectious disease, a viral infectious disease a fungal infectiousdisease, a solid tumor, a hematological malignancy, an immune disorder,an inflammatory disease, and cancer. In some embodiments, the disease ordisorder is selected from the group consisting of melanoma,glioblastoma, esophagus tumor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, uveal melanoma,lymphoma, lymphocytic lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma,diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal large B-celllymphoma, prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, chronicmyelocytic leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma,chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, angiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma,synovioma, meningioma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma of softtissue, sarcoma, sepsis, biliary tumor, basal cell carcinoma, thymusneoplasm, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland,uterine cancer, cancer of the adrenal gland, liver infection, Merkelcell carcinoma, nerve tumor, follicle center lymphoma, colon cancer,Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, chronic or acuteleukemias including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia,acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiplemyeloma, ovary tumor, myelodysplastic syndrome, cutaneous or intraocularmalignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer, lungcancer, mesothelioma, breast cancer, squamous non-small cell lung cancer(SCLC), non-squamous NSCLC, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, gastriccancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreaticcancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of thehead and neck, cancer of the head or neck, gastrointestinal tract,stomach cancer, HIV, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, hepatitis D,herpes viruses, papillomaviruses, influenza, bone cancer, skin cancer,rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, testicular cancer, carcinomaof the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of thecervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, cancer of theesophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrinesystem, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, cancer of thebladder, cancer of the kidney, cancer of the ureter, carcinoma of therenal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), tumorangiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma,epidermoid cancer, abestosis, carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, papillarycarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cellcarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma,embryonal carcinoma, wilm's tumor, pleomorphic adenoma, liver cellpapilloma, renal tubular adenoma, cystadenoma, papilloma, adenoma,leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, hemangioma, lymphangioma, osteoma, chondroma,lipoma and fibroma.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of one or moreadditional therapeutic agents is further administered to the subject. Insome embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents isselected from the group consisting of an antimicrobial agent, anantiviral agent, a cytotoxic agent, a gene expression modulatory agent,a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-angiogenicagent, an immunotherapeutic agent, an anti-hormonal agent, ananti-fibrotic agent, radiotherapy, a radiotherapeutic agent, ananti-neoplastic agent, and an anti-proliferation agent. In someembodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of one or more of CCX354, CCX9588, CCX140,CCX872, CCX598, CCX6239, CCX9664, CCX2553, CCX 2991, CCX282, CCX025,CCX507, CCX430, CCX765, CCX224, CCX662, CCX650, CCX832, CCX168, andCCX168-M1.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be usedto inhibit an infectious disease. The infectious disease includes but isnot limited to HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, thepathogenic infection by the virus Hepatitis (A, B, and C), herpes virus(e.g., VZV, HSV-I, HAV-6, HSV-II, and CMV, Epstein Barr virus),adenovirus, influenza virus, flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus,coxsackie virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus,rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus,HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus,rabies virus, JC virus and arboviral encephalitis virus, pathogenicinfection by the bacteria chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria,staphylococci, streptococci, pneumonococci, meningococci and conococci,klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas, E. coli, legionella,diphtheria, salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax,plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme's disease bacteria, pathogenic infectionby the fungi Candida (albicans, krusei, glabrata, tropicalis, etc.),Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus (fumigatus, niger, etc.), GenusMucorales (mucor, absidia, rhizophus), Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomycesdermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis andHistoplasma capsulatum, and pathogenic infection by the parasitesEntamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoebasp., Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium sp., Pneumocystis carinii,Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosomacruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi, Nippostrongylusbrasiliensis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be usedto inhibit HIV infection, delay AIDS progression, deplete HIV viralreservoir or decrease the severity of symptoms or HIV infection andAIDS.

The compounds of the present disclosure may be used for the treatment ofcancers and precancerous conditions in a subject.

Treatment methods provided herein include, in general, administration toa patient an effective amount of one or more compounds provided herein.Suitable patients include those patients suffering from or susceptibleto (i.e., prophylactic treatment) a disorder or disease identifiedherein. Typical patients for treatment as described herein includemammals, particularly primates, especially humans. Other suitablepatients include domesticated companion animals such as a dog, cat,horse, and the like, or a livestock animal such as cattle, pig, sheepand the like.

In general, treatment methods provided herein comprise administering toa patient an effective amount of a compound one or more compoundsprovided herein. In a preferred embodiment, the compound(s) of thedisclosure are preferably administered to a patient (e.g., a human)intravenously, orally or topically. The effective amount may be anamount sufficient to modulate the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and/or anamount sufficient to reduce or alleviate the symptoms presented by thepatient. Preferably, the amount administered is sufficient to yield aplasma concentration of the compound (or its active metabolite, if thecompound is a pro-drug) high enough to sufficient to modulate thePD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Treatment regimens may vary depending on thecompound used and the particular condition to be treated; for treatmentof most disorders, a frequency of administration of 4 times daily orless is preferred. In general, a dosage regimen of 2 times daily is morepreferred, with once a day dosing particularly preferred. It will beunderstood, however, that the specific dose level and treatment regimenfor any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, bodyweight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route ofadministration, rate of excretion, drug combination (i.e., other drugsbeing administered to the patient) and the severity of the particulardisease undergoing therapy, as well as the judgment of the prescribingmedical practitioner. In general, the use of the minimum dose sufficientto provide effective therapy is preferred. Patients may generally bemonitored for therapeutic effectiveness using medical or veterinarycriteria suitable for the condition being treated or prevented.

Combinations

A concomitant medicine comprising the compounds of the presentdisclosure and other drug may be administered as a combinationpreparation in which both components are contained in a singleformulation, or administered as separate formulations. Theadministration by separate formulations includes simultaneousadministration and administration with some time intervals. In the caseof the administration with some time intervals, the compound of thepresent disclosure can be administered first, followed by another drugor another drug can be administered first, followed by the compound ofthe present disclosure. The administration method of the respectivedrugs may be the same or different.

The dosage of the other drug can be properly selected, based on a dosagethat has been clinically used. The compounding ratio of the compound ofthe present disclosure and the other drug can be properly selectedaccording to age and weight of a subject to be administered,administration method, administration time, disorder to be treated,symptom and combination thereof. For example, the other drug may be usedin an amount of 0.01 to 100 parts by mass, based on 1 part by mass ofthe compound of the present disclosure. The other drug may be acombination of two or more kind of arbitrary drugs in a properproportion.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or moretherapeutic agent such as an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral agent, acytotoxic agent, a gene expression modulatory agent, a chemotherapeuticagent, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, animmunotherapeutic agent, an anti-hormonal agent, an anti-fibrotic agent,radiotherapy, a radiotherapeutic agent, an anti-neoplastic agent, and ananti-proliferation agent. These therapeutic agents may be in the formsof compounds, antibodies, polypeptides, or polynucleotides.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or moreof a therapeutic antibody, a bispecific antibody and “antibody-like”therapeutic protein (such as DARTs®, Duobodies®, Bites®, XmAbs®,TandAbs®, Fab derivatives), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a virus,an oncolytic virus, gene modifiers or editors such as CRISPR (includingCRISPR Cas9), zinc finger nucleases or synthetic nucleases (TALENs), aCAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T-cell immunotherapeutic agent, or anycombination thereof.

Examples of chemotherapeutics include an alkylation agent, nitrosoureaagent, antimetabolite, anticancer antibiotics, vegetable-originalkaloid, topoisomerase inhibitor, hormone drug, hormone antagonist,aromatase inhibitor, P-glycoprotein inhibitor, platinum complexderivative, other immunotherapeutic drugs and other anticancer drugs.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with a cancertreatment adjunct, such as a leucopenia (neutropenia) treatment drug,thrombocytopenia treatment drug, antiemetic and cancer pain interventiondrug, concomitantly or in a mixture form.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with a kinaseinhibitor.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the present disclosure can be usedwith other immunomodulators and/or a potentiating agent concomitantly orin a mixture form. Examples of the immunomodulator include variouscytokines, vaccines and adjuvants. Examples of these cytokines, vaccinesand adjuvants that stimulates immune responses include but not limitedto GM-CSF, M-CSF, G-CSF, interferon-a, beta, or gamma, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3,IL-12, Poly (I:C) and CPG. The potentiating agents includecyclophosphamide and analogs of cyclophosphamide, anti-TGF and imatinib(Gleevac), a mitosis inhibitor, such as paclitaxel, Sunitinib (Sutent)or other antiangiogenic agents, an aromatase inhibitor, such asletrozole, an A2a adenosine receptor (A2AR) antagonist, an angiogenesisinhibitor, anthracyclines, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, TLR4 antagonists,and IL-18 antagonists.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be used orcombined with one or more modulator of CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5,CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCR10, CCR11, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5,CXCR6, CXCR7, ChemR23, C5aR, C5a, and C5. In some embodiments, themodulator is an antagonist.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be used orcombined with one or more of CCX354, CCX9588, CCX140, CCX872, CCX598,CCX6239, CCX9664, CCX2553, CCX 2991, CCX282, CCX025, CCX507, CCX430,CCX765, CCX224, CCX662, CCX650, CCX832, CCX168, and CCX168-M1.

Dosage

Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg perkilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment orpreventions of conditions involving the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction (about0.5 mg to about 7 g per human patient per day). The amount of activeingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce asingle dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and theparticular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms will generallycontain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.For compounds administered orally, transdermally, intravaneously, orsubcutaneously, it is preferred that sufficient amount of the compoundbe administered to achieve a serum concentration of 5 ng(nanograms)/mL-10 μg (micrograms)/mL serum, more preferably sufficientcompound to achieve a serum concentration of 20 ng-1 μg/ml serum shouldbe administered, most preferably sufficient compound to achieve a serumconcentration of 50 ng/ml-200 ng/ml serum should be administered. Fordirect injection into the synovium (for the treatment of arthritis)sufficient compounds should be administered to achieve a localconcentration of approximately 1 micromolar.

Frequency of dosage may also vary depending on the compound used and theparticular disease treated. However, for treatment of most disorders, adosage regimen of 4 times daily, three times daily, or less ispreferred, with a dosage regimen of once daily or 2 times daily beingparticularly preferred. It will be understood, however, that thespecific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon avariety of factors including the activity of the specific compoundemployed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time ofadministration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drugcombination (i.e., other drugs being administered to the patient), theseverity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, and otherfactors, including the judgment of the prescribing medical practitioner.

In another aspect of the disclosure, the compounds of the disclosure canbe used in a variety of non-pharmaceutical in vitro and in vivoapplication. The compounds of the disclosure may also be used aspositive controls in assays for PD-1/PD-L1 interaction activity, i.e.,as standards for determining the ability of a candidate agent to bind toPD-1 and/or PD-L1, or as radiotracers for positron emission tomography(PET) imaging or for single photon emission computerized tomography(SPECT).

Also within the scope of the present disclosure are kits comprising acompound of the present disclosure or pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof and instructions for use. The kit can further contain at leastone additional reagent. Kits typically include a label indicating theintended use of the contents of the kit. The term label includes anywriting, or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or whichotherwise accompanies the kit.

General Synthetic Procedures

The embodiments are also directed to processes and intermediates usefulfor preparing the subject compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

Exemplary chemical entities useful in methods of the embodiments willnow be described by reference to illustrative synthetic schemes fortheir general preparation herein and the specific examples that follow.Artisans will recognize that, to obtain the various compounds herein,starting materials may be suitably selected so that the ultimatelydesired substituents will be carried through the reaction scheme with orwithout protection as appropriate to yield the desired product.Alternatively, it may be necessary or desirable to employ, in the placeof the ultimately desired substituent, a suitable group that may becarried through the reaction scheme and replaced as appropriate with thedesired substituent. Furthermore, one of skill in the art will recognizethat the transformations shown in the schemes below may be performed inany order that is compatible with the functionality of the particularpendant groups.

Representative syntheses of compounds of the present disclosure aredescribed in the scheme below, and the particular examples that follow.Schemes 1 and 2 are provided as further embodiments of the disclosureand illustrate general methods which were used to prepare compounds ofthe present disclosure including compounds of Formula (I), (Ia), or(Ib), and which can be used to prepare additional compounds having theFormula (I), (Ia), or (Ib). The methodology is compatible with a widevariety of functionalities.

The 4-Bromoindanone compound can be enantioselectively reduced to itsoptically pure 4-bromoindanol derivative using a chiral reducing agentcontaining boron. In the subsequent step, the ether bond can be formedusing reagents such as triphenyl phosphine and diisopropyl or diethylazodicarboxylate (in this case, the reaction leads to an inversion ofconfiguration, however, some racemization was observed). Alkylation ofthe phenol intermediate can be achieved using the appropriate alkylhalide or mesylate reagent. Introduction of the boronate at the4-position of the indane ring can be accomplished via transition metalmediated coupling using bis(pinacalato)diboron. Coupling at the4-position of the indane ring can be accomplished via transition metalmediated coupling using the appropriate aryl halide. Displacement of thehalide X with appropriate amine can be achieved using potassium orcesium carbonate in presence of metal bromide or metal iodide. Thereductive amination can be accomplished using the appropriate primary orsecondary amine and a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride orsodium triacetoxyborohydride in presence of a mild acid such as aceticacid. The amine group added in the reductive amination is shown as R³ inthe diagram above. The transformations shown in Scheme 1 may beperformed in any order that is compatible with the functionality of theparticular pendant groups.

The 4-Bromoindanone compound can be enantioselectively reduced to itsoptically pure 4-bromoindanol derivative using a chiral reducing agentcontaining boron. In the subsequent step, the ether bond can be formedusing reagents such as triphenyl phosphine and diisopropyl or diethylazodicarboxylate (in this case, the reaction leads to an inversion ofconfiguration, however, some racemization was observed). Alkylation ofthe phenol intermediate can be achieved using the appropriate alkylhalide or mesylate reagent. Introduction of the boronate at the4-position of the indane ring can be accomplished via transition metalmediated coupling using bis(pinacalato)diboron. Coupling at the4-position of the indane ring can be accomplished via transition metalmediated coupling using the appropriate aryl halide. Displacement of thehalide X with appropriate amine can be achieved using potassium orcesium carbonate in presence of metal bromide or metal iodide. Thereductive amination can be accomplished using the appropriate primary orsecondary amine and a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride orsodium triacetoxyborohydride in presence of a mild acid such as aceticacid. The amine group added in the reductive amination is shown as R³ inthe diagram above. The transformations shown in Scheme 2 may beperformed in any order that is compatible with the functionality of theparticular pendant groups.

As an example, enrichment of optical purity of chiral intermediates canbe achieved as described in Scheme 3.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples illustrate various methods of making compounds ofthis disclosure including compounds of Formula (I), (Ia), or (Ib). Thefollowing examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit theclaimed disclosure.

Reagents and solvents used below can be obtained from commercial sourcessuch as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA). ¹H-NMR spectra wererecorded on a Varian Mercury 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. Significant peaksare provided relative to TMS and are tabulated in the order:multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m,multiplet) and number of protons. Mass spectrometry results are reportedas the ratio of mass over charge. In the examples, a single m/z value isreported for the M+H (or, as noted, M−H) ion containing the most commonatomic isotopes. Isotope patterns correspond to the expected formula inall cases. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry analysis wasconducted on a Hewlett-Packard MSD electrospray mass spectrometer usingthe HP1100 HPLC for sample delivery. Normally the analyte was dissolvedin methanol or CH₃CN at 0.1 mg/mL and 1 microliter was infused with thedelivery solvent into the mass spectrometer, which scanned from 100 to1000 Daltons. All compounds could be analyzed in the positive ornegative ESI mode, using acetonitrile/water with 1% formic acid as thedelivery solvent.

The following abbreviations are used in the Examples and throughout thedescription of the disclosure: TLC means Thin layer chromatography.

Compounds within the scope of this disclosure can be synthesized asdescribed below, using a variety of reactions known to the skilledartisan. One skilled in the art will also recognize that alternativemethods may be employed to synthesize the target compounds of thisdisclosure, and that the approaches described within the body of thisdocument are not exhaustive, but do provide broadly applicable andpractical routes to compounds of interest.

Certain molecules claimed in this patent can exist in differentenantiomeric and diastereomeric forms and all such variants of thesecompounds are claimed unless a specific enantiomer is specified.

The detailed description of the experimental procedures used tosynthesize key compounds in this text lead to molecules that aredescribed by the physical data identifying them as well as by thestructural depictions associated with them.

Those skilled in the art will also recognize that during standard workup procedures in organic chemistry, acids and bases are frequently used.Salts of the parent compounds are sometimes produced, if they possessthe necessary intrinsic acidity or basicity, during the experimentalprocedures described within this patent.

Synthesis of of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Step a: A chiral enriched sample of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(40.0 g, 109 mmol, er=74:26) was dissolved in dichloromethane (500 mL)at 0° C. and (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonyl chloride (54.6 g, 218 mmol) and4-dimethylpyridine (19.9 g, 163 mmol) were added. The reaction wasallowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. Asaturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (500 mL) was added tothe solution and this was extracted with dichloromethane (3×250 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with aqueous hydrogen chloride (1M,500 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (500 mL), dried oversodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated onto silica gel under reducedpressure. The desired diastereomer (14.7 g) eluted from 0% to 100%hexanes in ethyl acetate using pressurized silica gel chromatography(ISCO 330 G column). The column was subsequently washed with 20%methanol in dichloromethane to afford a crude mixture of diastereomers(32 g) that was dissolved in acetonitrile (350 mL). A solid precipitatedfrom this solution overnight. The solid was filtered and the filtratecontaining the desired diastereomer was concentrated under reducedpressure to afford additional desired diastereomer (7.3 g) of5-(((S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenyl((1S,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl)methanesulfonate,dr>99:1 by proton ¹H NMR. MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₆H₂₆BrClO₆SNa[M+Na]⁻ 603.0, found 602.9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.16 (s,1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.25 (m,1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J=15.1,1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J=14.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.99 (dt,J=17.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dq, J=14.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.39 (m, 2H),2.34-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.75 (m,1H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 3H).

Step b:5-(((S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenyl((1R,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl)methanesulfonate(7.3, 12.5 mmol, dr>99:1) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) andaqueous sodium hydroxide (1M, 25.1 mmol) was added dropwise. Theresultant solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours.Dichloromethane (500 mL) and water (500 mL) were then added to thestirred solution. The two layers were separated and the organic layerwas washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (250 mL) andsaturated aqueous sodium chloride (250 mL), dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a whitesolid (4.3 g, 11.7 mmol, er>99:1 by chiral HPLC determined using aRegisCell 250×4.6 mm column at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and anisocratic mobile phase of 1:1 hexanes/isopropanol, retention time: 6.0min). MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₁₆H₁₁BrClO₃ [M−H]⁻ 365.0, found365.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.44 (s, 1H), 9.70 (s, 1H),7.56-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.66(s, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (dt, J=15.3, 6.3 Hz,1H), 2.98 (dt, J=16.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dq, J=13.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.25(d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H).

Example 1: Synthesis of(5-chloro-2-ethoxy-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzyl)-L-serine

Step a: To a solution of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(400 mg, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added iodoethane (176 μL, 2.186mmol) followed by Cs₂CO₃ (1.07 g, 3.3 mmol). The resulting suspensionwas then stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (20 mL), saturated NH₄Clsolution (20 mL), dried (MgSO₄), concentrated in vacuo to obtain(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzaldehydewhich was used as such in the next step.

Step b: A solution of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzaldehyde(417 mg, 1.06 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (323 mg, 1.27 mmol), andpotassium acetate (312 mg, 3.18 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) wasdegassed with nitrogen for 2 minutes before the addition ofBis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (75 mg, 0.106 mmol). Themixture was degassed further for 2 minutes and then heated to 80° C.After 11 h, the solution was cooled to room temperature and water wasadded (50 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3)and the combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the crude material by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 20% EtOAc in hexane) gave(S)-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-4-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde.

Step c: A solution of(S)-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-4-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde(310 mg, 0.7 mmol), 1-bromo-3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylbenzene (226 mg,0.91 mmol), and aqueous 0.5 M K₃PO₄ (5 mL) in THE (5 mL) was degassedwith nitrogen for 2 minutes before XPhos Pd G2 (17 mg, 0.021 mmol) wasadded. After degassing for an additional 1 minute, the solution wasallowed to stir at room temperature for 12 h. Water (20 mL) was thenadded to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc(20 mL×2). The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the crude material by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexanes to 50% EtOAc in hexanes) gave(S)-5-chloro-4-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-ethoxybenzaldehyde.

Step d: To a slurry of(S)-5-chloro-4-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-ethoxybenzaldehyde(200 mg, 0.4 mmol) and potassium carbonate (166 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DMF (6mL) was added NaI (90 mg, 0.6 mmol) and (R)-pyrrolidin-3-olhydrochloride salt (105 mg, 1.2 mmol) and the resulting reaction mixturewas stirred overnight at 80° C. EtOAc (20 mL) and 0.2 N aqueous HClsolution (20 mL) were added to the reaction mixture after cooling itdown to room temperature and the aqueous layer was extracted with 2:1CHCl₃/IPA (20 mL). Combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated in vacuo to obtain5-chloro-2-ethoxy-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzaldehydewhich was used as such in the next step.

Step e: A suspension of5-chloro-2-ethoxy-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde(60 mg, 0.11 mmol), AcOH (100 μL) and L-serine (100 mg, 0.95 mmol) wasstirred in DMF (1.5 mL) for 10 minutes before sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (100 mg, 0.47 mmol) was added. The reactionmixture was left to stir overnight at room temperature. The reactionmixture was filtered through syringe filter and the crude material waspurified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% TFA) toobtain((5-chloro-2-ethoxy-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzyl)-L-serine.MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₃₅H₄₄CN₂O₇ [M+H]⁺ 639.2, found 639.2. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.44-7.15 (m, 4H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 1H), 6.94(d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (dd, J=24.3, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (d, J=9.8 Hz,1H), 4.62-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.08 (m, 6H), 4.02 (dd, J=11.8, 3.9 Hz,1H), 3.86 (dd, J=11.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.43 (dd, J=18.2,10.9 Hz, 4H), 3.27 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.93-2.73 (m, 3H), 2.69-2.47 (m,3H), 2.28 (qq, J=9.2, 5.0, 4.0 Hz, 3H), 2.19-1.94 (m, 5H), 1.55-1.43 (m,3H).

Example 2: Synthesis of(S)-2-((5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoicAcid

Step a. A solution of5-[[5-[(1S)-4-bromoindan-1-yl]oxy-4-chloro-2-formyl-phenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile(3.0 g, 6.2 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (2.37 g, 9.3 mmol), andpotassium acetate (1.83 g, 18.6 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) was degassedwith nitrogen for 15 min before the addition of1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) complexedwith dichloromethane. The mixture was degassed further for 5 min andthen heated to 80° C. After 11 h, the solution was cooled to roomtemperature and water was added (50 mL). The reaction mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3) and the combined organics were dried overMgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the crudematerial by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 50% EtOAc inhexane) gave(S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step b: A solution of(S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile(2.5 g, 4.68 mmol), 1-(3-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenoxy)propyl)azetidin-3-ol(1.5 g, 4.68 mmol), and aqueous 0.5 M K₃PO₄ (28 mL, 14 mmol) in THE (30mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 25 min before XPhos Pd G2 (0.74 g,0.94 mmol) was added. After degassing for an additional 10 min, thesolution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 20 h. Water (30 mL)was then added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was extractedwith 2:1 chloroform: isopropanol (40 mL×3). The combined organics weredried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification ofthe crude material by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% DCM to 15% MeOHin DCM) gave(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step c: A solution of(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile(0.73 g, 1.1 mmol) and 2-Me-L-serine (0.40 g, 3.4 mmol) was stirred inDMF (36 mL) for 1 h before sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.72 g, 3.4mmol) was added in small portions over 1 h. The reaction mixture wasleft to stir overnight at room temperature. The majority of DMF wasremoved in vacuo and the crude material was purified by reverse phasepreparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% NH₄HCO₃) to obtain(S)-2-((5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoicacid. MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₃₉H₄₀C₂N₄O₇ [M+H]⁺ 747.2, found747.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.87 (d, J=1.9 Hz,1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.21 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=7.4 Hz,1H), 7.08 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.04-5.81 (m, 1H), 5.32(s, 2H), 4.34 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 2H),3.69 (td, J=6.3, 2.3 Hz, 3H), 3.62 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.79 (m,1H), 2.92 (td, J=6.5, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.70-2.54 (m,1H), 2.53-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.91 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.29(s, 3H).

Synthesis of 1-(3-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenoxy)propyl)azetidin-3-ol

Step a: To a slurry of 3-bromo-2-chlorophenol (9.82 g, 47.3 mmol) andpotassium carbonate (13.7 g, 94.6 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was slowly added1,3-dibromopropane (28.7 g, 142 mmol and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h. Water (30 mL) and DCM (50 mL) were added to thereaction mixture and after stirring for a few minutes, the biphasicsolution was poured into a separatory funnel. The organic layer wasseparated and the aqueous layer was re-extracted with DCM (2×50 mL). Thecombined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,100% hexane to 5% Et₂O in hexane) to obtain1-bromo-3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorobenzene.

Step b: To a slurry of 1-bromo-3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorobenzene (3.7g, 11.3 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.12 g, 22.6 mmol) in DMF (10 mL)at 50° C. was added a pre-heated (50° C.) solution of finely suspended3-hydroxyazetidine (1.07 g, 14.6 mmol) in DMF (25 mL). After 1 h, thereaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and filteredthrough Celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 10% to 20% Et₂O inhexane then 10% MeOH in DCM) to obtain1-(3-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenoxy)propyl)azetidin-3-ol.

Example 3: Synthesis of(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzyl)-L-threonine

Step a. A biphasic solution of5-[[5-[(1S)-4-bromoindan-1-yl]oxy-4-chloro-2-formyl-phenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile(7.7 g, 16 mmol),2-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane(6.0 g, 19 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (3.7 g, 32 mmol) in aqueous 2 M K₂CO₃(24 mL, 48 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (240 mL) was degassed withnitrogen for 20 min. The mixture was then heated to 80° C. for 8 hbefore it was cooled to rt and water (150 mL) was added. The organiclayer was separated and the aqueous layer was re-extracted with EtOAc(75 mL×2). The organics were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the crude material by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 50% EtOAc in hexane) gave(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step b: A slurry of(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile(7.3 g, 12.4 mmol), 4-hydroxypiperidine (1.9 g, 18.6 mmol), sodiumiodide (0.56 g, 3.72 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (3.4 g, 24.8 mmol) was heated to80° C. and allowed to stir at this temperature for 8 h. After cooling tort, the reaction mixture was poured into a separatory funnel containingwater (100 mL). The mixture was extracted with 2:1 CHCl₃:isopropanol (60mL×3). The organics were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the crude material by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 100% DCM to 15% MeOH in DCM) gave(S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step c: A solution of(S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile(3.2 g, 4.9 mmol) and L-threonine (1.5 g, 12.2 mmol) was stirred in DMF(48 mL) for 3 h before sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.1 g, 14.6 mmol)was added in portions over 10 min. The reaction mixture was left to stirovernight at room temperature. The majority of DMF was removed in vacuo,and the crude material was re-diluted in MeOH and filtered. The filtratewas purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1%NH₄HCO₃) to obtain(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzyl)-L-threonine.MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₄₂H₄₇CN₄O₇ [M+H]⁺ 755.3, found 755.2. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.87 (d, J=1.9 Hz,1H), 8.41 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.06(m, 2H), 6.97-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.73 (dd, J=24.8, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.97-5.80 (m,1H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.85-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.55(m, 3H), 2.95 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.92-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.69-2.57 (m, 3H),2.55-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.31-1.99 (m, 4H), 1.96 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 2H), 1.91-1.81(m, 2H), 1.65-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 1H), 1.28 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 2H), 1.20(d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H).

Synthesis of2-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

Step a: To a solution of 1-bromo-3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylbenzene(5.0 g, 19 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (4.8 g, 19 mmol) in dioxane (20mL) was added potassium acetate (5.6 g, 57 mmol) and the mixture wasdegassed with nitrogen for 10 min. The catalyst1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complexedwith dichloromethane (1.5 g, 1.9 mmol) was added, and the mixture wasdegassed for an additional 10 min before it was heated to 80° C. andleft to stir at that temperature for 18 h. After cooling to rt, water(30 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The aqueous layer wasre-extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL) and the combined organics were driedover MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material waspurified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 10% EtOAc inhexane) to obtain2-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane.

Example 4: Synthesis of1-(3-(3-((S)-1-(2-chloro-4-((((1R,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)-5-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2-methylphenoxy)propyl)piperidin-4-ol

Step a: To a solution of4-[(1S)-4-bromoindan-1-yl]oxy-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (545 mg,1.48 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (614 mg, 4.44 mmol) and1-bromo-3-chloropropane (257 mg, 1.63 mmol), and the resultingsuspension was left to stir at rt for 18 h. (R)-(−)-3-pyrrolidinolhydrochloride (275 mg, 2.22 mmol), sodium iodide (45 mg, 0.30 mmol) andadditional K₂CO₃ (204 mg, 1.48 mmol) were added and the reaction mixturewas heated to 80° C. and stirred for 18 h. After cooling to rt, thereaction was quenched with water and the mixture was extracted withEtOAc (20 mL) and 2:1 CHCl₃:IPA (2×20 mL). The combined organic layerswere dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crudematerial was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 10% MeOH in DCM) toobtain4-(((S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzaldehyde.

Step b: A biphasic solution of4-(((S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzaldehyde(217 mg, 0.438 mmol),2-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane(219 mg, 0.658 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (76 mg, 0.066 mmol) in aqueous 2 MK₂CO₃ (0.70 mL, 1.3 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (6 mL) was degassedfor 10 min before the mixture was heated to 90° C. After 2 h, themixture was cooled to rt and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 10% MeOH in DCM) to obtain5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzaldehyde.

Step c: A slurry of5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzaldehyde(70 mg, 0.12 mmol), 4-hydroxypiperidine (18 mg, 0.18 mmol), sodiumiodide (6 mg, 0.036 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (33 mg, 0.24 mmol) in DMF (23 mL)was heated to 80° C. and allowed to stir at this temperature overnight.After cooling to rt, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, andthe crude residue was re-diluted in MeOH and filtered through a 0.45 μMsyringe filter. The crude filtrate was purified by reverse phasepreparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% TFA) to obtain5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzaldehydeas a trifluoroacetate salt.

Step d: To a solution of5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzaldehyde(20 mg, 0.023 mmol) and (1S,2R)-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol (11 mg, 0.093mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added two drops of acetic acid, and the reactionmixture was stirred at rt. After 2 h, Na(OAc)₃BH (20 mg, 0.093 mmol) wasadded and the reaction was left to stir overnight. The reaction mixturewas concentrated in vacuo, and the crude residue was re-diluted in MeOHand passed through a 0.45 μM syringe filter. The crude filtrate waspurified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% TFA) toobtain1-(3-(3-((S)-1-(2-chloro-4-((((1R,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)-5-(3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2-methylphenoxy)propyl)piperidin-4-olas a trifluoroacetate salt. MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₄₄H₆₀ClN₃O₆[M+H]⁺ 762.4, found 762.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.47 (s, 1H),7.43-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.4Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83-6.70 (m,1H), 6.06-5.97 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.55 (m, 2H), 4.39-4.19 (m, 5H), 4.19-3.99(m, 5H), 3.93-3.73 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.51-3.34 (m, 3H),3.23-3.01 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.21 (m,5H), 2.21-2.06 (m, 3H), 2.06-1.89 (m, 8H), 1.89-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.54(m, 3H), 1.53-1.28 (m, 2H).

Example 5: Synthesis of(S)-2-((5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)benzyl)amino)3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic Acid

Step a: A solution of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(600.0 mg, 1.63 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (621.0 mg, 2.45 mmol), andpotassium acetate (480.0 mg, 4.89 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) was degassedwith nitrogen for 15 min before the addition of1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complex withdichloromethane. The mixture was degassed further for 5 min and thereaction mixture was heated to 80° C. After 11 h, the solution wascooled to room temperature and water was added (10 mL). The reactionmixture was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×3). The combined organics wasdried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude productwas purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 10% EtOAc inhexane) to obtain white solid(S)-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde

Step b: A solution of(S)-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde(664.0 mg, 1.60 mmol), 1-bromo-3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorobenzene (525.0mg, 1.60 mmol), and aqueous 0.5 M tripotassium phosphate (9.6 mL, 4.8mmol) in THF (20 mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 25 min before G2XPhos Pd (0.74 g, 0.94 mmol) was added. After degassing for anadditional 10 min, the solution was allowed to stir at room temperaturefor 20 h. Water (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, and thereaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3). The combinedorganics was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% Hexane to15% EtOAc in Hexane) to obtain(S)-4-((4-(3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Step c: A solution of(S)-4-((4-(3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(520.0 mg, 0.97 mmol) and pyridine (1.0 mL, 19.4 mmol) in dry DCM (15mL) was cooled to −20° C. and added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride(0.25 mL, 1.46 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed upto room temperature and allowed to stir for 2 h. Et₂O (20 mL) was addedto the reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was washed with 1 NHCl (10 mL), then saturated NaHCO₃ solution and then brine. The combinedorganics was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% Hexane to20% EtOAc in Hexane) to obtain white solid(S)-5-((4-(3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate.

Step d: A solution of(S)-5-((4-(3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate (100.0 mg, 0.15 mmol) and(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)boronic acid (27.0 mg, 0.18 mmol) and 2 M potassiumcarbonate (0.23 mL, 0.45 mmol) in DME (3 mL) was degassed with nitrogenfor 15 min before the addition of tetra(triphenylphosphino)palladium(120.0 mg, 0.10 mmol). The mixture was degassed further for 5 min andthe reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 70° C. and stirred for 12 h.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water was added(10 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with DCM (10 mL×3). Thecombined organics was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,100% hexane to 50% EtOAc in hexane) to obtain a white solid(S)-5-(5-((4-(3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step e: A slurry of(S)-5-(5-((4-(3-(3-bromopropoxy)-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenyl)nicotinonitrile(54.0 mg, 0.087 mmol), azetidin-3-ol (9.5 mg, 0.13 mmol), potassiumcarbonate (30.0 mg, 0.22 mmol) and sodium iodide (13.0 mg, 0.087 mmol)in DMF (2 mL) was warmed up to 80° C. and stirred for 12 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature and water was added (2 mL). Thereaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5 mL×3). The combinedorganics was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100%dichloromethane to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to obtain whitesolid(S)-5-(4-chloro-5-((4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step f: A mixture of(S)-5-(4-chloro-5-((4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenyl)nicotinonitrile(10.0 mg, 0.016 mmol) and α-Me-L-serine (10.1 mg, 0.081 mmol) wasstirred in DMF (2 mL) for 1 h before sodium triacetoxyborohydride (13.0mg, 0.064 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was left to stirovernight at room temperature. The majority of DMF was removed in vacuoand the crude material was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC(CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% TFA) to obtain(S)-2-((5-chloro-4-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoicacid as TFA salt form and later converted to trifluoro ammonium salt.MS: 717.2 [M+H]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.90 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.34 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 7.15 (dd, J=23.3,7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (d, J=20.0 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.01(m, 6H), 3.99-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.38 (m, 2H),3.20-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.16 (s, 4H), 1.49 (s, 3H).

Example 6: Synthesis of(S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoicAcid

Step a: To a solution of 3-bromo-2-methylphenol (10.0 g, 53.5 mmol) inDMF (50 mL) was added 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (8.42 g, 53.5 mmol) andpotassium carbonate (8.87 g, 64.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was heatedup to 50° C. and stirred at 50° C. for 16 h. Then it was cooled down toroom temperature. Water (50 mL) and DCM (100 mL) were added to thereaction mixture and after stirring for a few minutes, the biphasicsolution was poured into a separatory funnel. The aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM (2×50 mL). The combined organics was dried overMgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product waspurified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 20% EtOAc inhexane) to obtain 1-bromo-3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylbenzene.

Step b: To a slurry of 1-bromo-3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylbenzene (2.40g, 9.10 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (3.00 g, 11.83 mmol), andpotassium acetate (2.68 g, 27.30 mmol) in dioxane (40 mL) was degassedwith nitrogen for 15 min before the addition ofbis(triphenylphosphino)dichloropalladium. The mixture was degassedfurther for 5 min and the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. After 11h, the solution was cooled to room temperature and water was added (20mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×3). Thecombined organics was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,100% hexane to 10% EtOAc in hexane) to obtain a colorless oil2-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane.

Step c: To a slurry of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(370.0 mg, 1.0 mmol),2-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane(370.0 mg, 1.20 mmol), and 2 M potassium carbonate (1.50 mL, 3.0 mmol)in DME (10 mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 15 min before the additionof tetra(triphenylphosphino)palladium (120.0 mg, 0.10 mmol). The mixturewas degassed further for 5 min and the reaction mixture was heated to90° C. After 1 h, the solution was cooled to room temperature and waterwas added (10 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (10mL×3). The combined organics was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 100% hexane to 5% EtOAc in hexane) to obtain abrown oil To a slurry of(S)-5-chloro-4-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Step d: To a slurry of(S)-4-((4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(S)-5-chloro-4-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(410.0 mg, 0.88 mmol) and cesium carbonate (860.0 mg, 2.64 mmol) in DMF(3 mL) was added 5-(chloromethyl)isophthalonitrile (310.0 mg, 1.75mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and water wasadded (3 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×3).The combined organics was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,100% hexane to 30% EtOAc in hexane) to obtain white solid(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile.

Step e: A slurry of(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile(259.0 mg, 0.42 mmol), piperidin-4-ol (51.4 mg, 0.50 mmol), potassiumcarbonate (70.0 mg, 0.50 mmol) and sodium iodide (63.0 mg, 0.42 mmol) inDMF (2 mL) was warmed up to 80° C. and stirred for 12 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature and water was added (2 mL). Thereaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5 mL×3). The combinedorganics was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100%dichloromethane to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to obtain whitesolid(S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile.

Step f: A mixture of(S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile(100 mg, 0.15 mmol) and α-Me-L-serine (119.1 mg, 0.74 mmol) was stirredin DMF (2 mL) for 1 h before sodium triacetoxyborohydride (127.0 mg, 0.6mmol) was added in small portions over 1 h. The reaction mixture wasleft to stir overnight at room temperature. The majority of DMF wasremoved in vacuo and the crude material was purified by reverse phasepreparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% TFA) to obtain(S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)-4-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoicacid as TFA salt form and later converted to trifluoro ammonium salt.MS: 779.3 [M+H]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Methanol-d₄) δ 8.26 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 8.17 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s,1H), 7.26 (s, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 1H), 6.96 (t, J=9.9 Hz,2H), 6.78 (dd, J=20.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 5.37 (d, J=16.3 Hz,2H), 4.33-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.15 (s, 3H), 3.96 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (d,J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.23 (s, 5H), 2.59 (s, 1H), 2.46 (s, 1H),2.29 (s, 2H), 2.13 (s, 2H), 1.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 4H), 1.48 (s, 3H).

Example 7: Synthesis of5-((4-chloro-5-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-fluoropiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((((S)-6-oxopiperidin-3-yl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile

Step a. A slurry of(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-chloropropoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile(728.0 mg, 1.19 mmol), 4-fluoropiperidine hydrochloride (200.0 mg, 1.43mmol), potassium carbonate (411.0 mg, 2.98 mmol) and sodium iodide(179.0 mg, 1.19 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was warmed up 80° C. and stirred for12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water wasadded (2 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5 mL×3).The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,100% dichloromethane to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to obtainyellow oil(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-(4-fluoropiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile.

Step b: A mixture of(S)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4-(3-(3-(4-fluoropiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile(50.0 mg, 0.074 mmol) and (S)-5-aminopiperidin-2-one hydrochloride (33.0mg, 0.22 mmol) was stirred in DMF (2 mL) for 1 h before sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (47.0 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added. The reactionmixture was left to stir overnight at room temperature. The majority ofDMF was removed in vacuo and the crude material was purified by reversephase preparative HPLC (CH₃CN—H₂O with 0.1% TFA) to obtain5-((4-chloro-5-(((S)-4-(3-(3-(4-fluoropiperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((((S)-6-oxopiperidin-3-yl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)isophthalonitrileas TFA salt form which was then passed through basic cartridge toconvert it to freeform. MS: 776.2 [M+H]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ8.23-8.15 (m, 2H), 8.02-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.14 (m,2H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.96 (dd, J=17.7, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (dd, J=19.1, 7.6Hz, 1H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.36-5.27 (m, 2H), 4.75 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.13(t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.52 (dd,J=17.5, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (dt, J=3.3, 1.7 Hz, 6H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.83(m, 1H), 2.43 (dt, J=11.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (dd, J=15.5, 8.6 Hz, 1H),2.19 (m, 2H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 2.06 (m, 4H), 1.97 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 3H).

Compounds in Table 1 were prepared by methods as described in theExamples, and evaluated according to the assay below. The IC₅₀ of thecompounds are presented in Table 1 as follows:

+, 20000 nM≥IC₅₀≥500 nM;

++, 500 nM≥IC₅₀≥5 nM;

+++, 5 nM≥IC₅₀.

Characterization Conditions

Reverse phase HPLC conditions used for determination of retention timesin Table 1:

Column: ZORBAX (SB-C18 2.1×50 mm, 5 μm)

Mobile phase A: 95% H₂O, 5% MeCN (with 0.1% Formic Acid)

Mobile phase B: 5% H₂O, 95% MeCN (with 0.1% Formic Acid)

Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min

Gradient: 20 to 100% B in 3.5 min (for R_(t) without *) or 20 to 100% Bin 5.5 min (for R_(t) with *).

Biological Example: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay—ELISA

96 Well plates were coated with 1 μg/mL of human PD-L1 (obtained fromR&D) in PBS overnight at 4° C. The wells were then blocked with 2% BSAin PBS (W/V) with 0.05% TWEEN-20 for 1 hour at 37° C. The plates werewashed 3 times with PBS/0.05% TWEEN-20 and the compounds were serialdiluted (1:5) in dilution medium and added to the ELISA plates. HumanPD-1 and biotin 0.3 μg/mL (ACRO Biosystems) were added and incubated for1 hour at 37° C. then washed 3 times with PBS/0.05% TWEEN-20. A secondblock was performed with 2% BSA in PBS (W/V)/0.05% TWEEN-20 for 10 minat 37° C. and was washed 3 times with PBS/0.05% TWEEN-20.Streptavidin-HRP was added for 1 hour at 37° C. then washed 3 times withPBS/0.05% TWEEN-20. TMB substrate was added and reacted for 20 min at37° C. A stop solution (2 N aqueous H₂SO₄) was added. The absorbance wasread at 450 nm using a micro-plate spectrophotometer. The results areshown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 MS: RP ELISA (ES) HPLC IC₅₀ m/z R_(t) Compound Structure (nM)(M + H) (min)

+++ 755.30 1.76

+++ 765.20 1.73

+++ 775.30 1.99

+++ 755.20 2.00

+++ 759.20 1.55

+++ 759.20 1.57

+++ 653.30 1.82

+++ 667.20  1.5*

+++ 639.20 1.75

+++ 653.30 1.91

+++ 653.30 1.52

+++ 755.20 1.73

+++ 755.20 1.71

+++ 779.30 1.98

+++ 779.30 2.10

+++ 741.30 1.77

+++ 757.20 1.90

++ 776.30 1.90

+++ 769.20 2.00

+++ 727.20 2.01

+++ 775.20 1.75

+++ 761.10 1.67

+++ 775.20 1.68

+++ 755.20 1.80

+++ 751.20 2.07

+++ 767.20 1.84

++ 769.30  3.26*

++ 783.20  3.58*

++ 783.30 2.24

+++ 765.20 1.96

++ 774.30 1.70

+++ 779.30 2.02

+++ 775.30 2.30

+++ 774.30 1.70

+++ 755.20 1.90

+++ 769.20 2.07

++ 811.30 2.32

+++ 771.20 1.99

+++ 747.20 1.74

+++ 745.30 1.70

+++ 747.20 1.90

+++ 755.20 1.68

+++ 762.30 1.20

+++ 625.20 1.88

+++ 655.20 1.76

+++ 665.20 1.76

++ 649.20 1.76

++ 681.30 2.31

++ 695.30 2.05

++ 663.30 1.86

+++ 754.20 1.69

+++ 740.30 1.55

+++ 832.70 2.03

+++ 737.20 1.70

+++ 723.20 1.56

+++ 625.20 1.64

+++ 639.30 1.85

+++ 723.20 1.77

+++ 750.30 1.55

+++ 725.30 1.79

+++ 737.20 2.51

+++ 751.20 1.91

++ 741.30 1.54

+++ 709.20 2.06

+++ 747.20 1.65

+++ 737.20 1.83

+++ 751.20 1.88

+++ 782.30 1.76

+++ 751.20 1.64

+++ 755.20 1.70

+++ 799.70 1.89

+++ 736.20 1.65

+++ 776.20 1.63

+++ 751.20 2.20

+++ 752.20 1.66

+++ 722.20 1.56

+++ 770.30 1.62

+++ 774.20 1.62

++ 756.20 1.68

+++ 759.20 1.83

+++ 773.20  1.74^(#)

+++ 773.20  1.76^(#)

+++ 769.20  1.61^(#)

+++ 713.20 1.62

+++ 739.20 2.20

+++ 739.20 2.10

+++ 799.20 1.79

+++ 760.70 2.26

+++ 770.70  2.35*

+++ 785.30 2.20

+++ 803.20 2.70

+++ 746.80 2.30

+++ 738.60 1.86

++ 784.70  1.73^(#)

++ 806.70 1.93

+++ 791.50 1.70

++ 827.50 1.80

++ 685.50 1.93

++ 684.50 1.79

++ 763.50 1.51

+++ 789.50 2.02

+++ 724.80 3.19

+++ 784.50  1.84^(#)

+++ 789.50  1.78^(#)

++ 776.50 1.67

++ 764.80 3.83

++ 655.20 1.30

++ 654.20 1.14

++ 763.50 2.07

+++ 759.50 1.70

+++ 773.20  3.05*

+++ 759.50 1.90

++ 814.50 1.83

++ 786.30 1.69

++ 675.60 1.67

+++ 618.60 2.68

++ 652.20 1.99

++ 702.30  1.64^(#)

++ 703.50  1.67^(#)

+++ 761.70 3.45

++ 679.20  1.66^(#)

+++ 775.20 1.76

++ 677.10  1.56^(#)

+++ 765.20  1.83^(#)

+++ 767.10  1.76^(#)

++ 671.30 1.90

+++ 659.20 1.83

+++ 746.20 0.40

+++ 722.20 0.47

+++ 757.20 1.95

+++ 761.20 1.41

+++ 758.10 1.60

+++ 749.20 1.22

+++ 765.20 1.55

+++ 787.20 2.20

+++ 789.20 1.65

+++ 798.70 1.80

++ 783.20 1.60

+++ 743.20 1.80

+++ 772.20 1.81

+++ 824.10 1.85

+++ 701.10 1.95

+++ 729.20 0.53

+++ 746.20 0.40

+++ 752.20 1.90

+++ 715.10 1.94

+++ 742.00 1.79

+++ 741.00 2.03

+++ 717.00 2.03

+++ 747.20 1.82

+++ 703.20 1.87

+++ 775.20 1.64

++ 641.20  2.68*

+++ 717.20 1.80

+++ 752.20 1.90

+++ 772.20 1.45

+++ 770.20 1.45

+++ 774.20 1.52

+++ 745.20 1.57

+++ 775.20 1.53

+++ 747.10 2.27

+++ 745.20 1.95

+++ 773.20 1.87

+++ 783.20 1.70

+++ 783.20 1.70

+++ 783.20 1.90

++ 762.20 1.70

++ 776.10 2.17

+++ 754.10 1.87

+++ 754.10 1.90

+++ 755.10 2.33

+++ 836.00 2.05

++ 762.20 1.70

+++ 759.20 1.80

+++ 759.20 1.80

+++ 691.00 1.60

+++ 799.10 2.17

+++ 787.20 2.08

+++ 868.20 1.97

++ 687.20 1.69

++ 766.20 1.88

+++ 813.10 2.74

+++ 759.20 1.80

+++ 759.20 1.70

+++ 774.20 1.70

+++ 776.20 1.92

++ 775.20 1.80

+++ 731.20 1.36

+ 742.20 1.66

++ 743.20 2.02

++ 775.20  3.26*

++ 777.20  3.06*

+++ 652.20 2.51

++ 738.20 2.27

+++ 854.10 2.09

+++ 775.20 2.06

+++ 775.20 2.23

+++ 775.20 2.27

+++ 775.20 2.15

+++ 769.20 1.90

+++ 769.20 1.90

+++ 769.20 1.80

++ 758.20 2.30

++ 777.20  2.95*

+++ 772.20 1.89

+++ 769.20 1.90

++ 837.20 1.90

++ 823.20 1.80

+++ 772.20 2.12

+++ 796.20 2.27

++ 701.20 1.53

++ 700.20 1.34

+++ 771.20 2.00

+++ 771.20 2.20

++ 825.20 2.10

+++ 758.30 2.23

+++ 759.20 2.69

+++ 763.20 2.08

++ 817.20 2.06

+++ 779.30 1.95

+++ 763.20 2.14

+++ 763.20 1.99

+++ 799.20 2.00

+++ 745.20 2.10

+++ 763.20 2.42

+++ 779.30 2.07

++ 776.20 2.29

++ 803.20 2.20

++ 790.20 2.38

++ 790.30 1.98

++ 757.30 2.20

+++ 771.20 2.20

+++ 727.20 2.15

+++ 771.20 1.70

++ 811.20 1.70

+++ 726.20 1.95

+++ 784.20 2.00

+++ 784.20 2.00

+++ 727.20 2.45

+++ 726.20 2.01

+++ 789.20 2.00

+++ 789.20 1.90

++ 770.20 2.58

+++ 789.20 2.30

+++ 789.20 1.80

++ 829.00 2.00

+++ 770.10 2.62

+++ 772.20 2.51

+++ 772.20 2.50

+++ 786.20 2.08

++ 806.30 1.84

++ 766.20  3.32*

+++ 766.20  3.37*

+++ 745.20 1.80

+++ 766.30 1.33

++ 766.20 1.30

+++ 757.20 2.00

+++ 757.20 1.80

+++ 788.20 2.44

+++ 776.20 1.88

++ 775.10 2.10

+++ 775.20 2.00

++ 786.30 2.43

++ 766.20 2.19

++ 796.20 1.86

++ 810.20 2.10

+++ 734.20  3.12*

+++ 734.20  3.26*

+++ 788.30  1.92*

+++ 726.20 2.02

+++ 726.20 1.94

+++ 772.20 2.16

++ 786.30 2.11

++ 762.20 1.92

++ 813.00 2.20

++ 790.20 2.21

++ 827.20 2.00

++ 786.20 1.70

++ 772.20 2.38

++ 787.20 1.90

++ 786.20 1.90

+++ 772.30 2.58

+++ 730.20 2.15

+++ 786.10 2.20

+ 817.20 2.00

++ 790.20 2.00

++ 790.30 2.00

+++ 802.20 1.96

+++ 744.30 2.02

+++ 814.20 2.20

++ 831.30 2.20

++ 777.30 2.00

++ 786.30 2.25

++ 778.40 2.40

++ 776.20 2.00

++ 773.90 1.80

+++ 739.80 1.77

++ 787.90 1.80

+++ 753.80 0.45

+++ 754.20 2.15

++ 794.20  1.92^(#)

++ 808.20  1.99^(#)

++ 878.20  2.95*

+++ 773.90 2.00

++ 787.90 1.70

+++ 771.90 1.80

+++ 740.10 1.86

++ 794.20 1.93

++ 776.20 1.86

++ 776.20 1.88

++ 793.80  1.88^($)

++ 807.80  1.91^($)

++ 762.20 1.75

++ 790.20 1.76

+++ 773.90 1.90

++ 813.90 2.10

++ 684.20 1.71

++ 800.80 1.90

+++ 775.90 1.77

++ 775.90 1.70

++ 684.20 1.77

+++ 757.90 2.00

+++ 759.90 1.90

++ 650.30 1.71

++ 664.20 1.74

++ 785.90 1.90

++ 800.90 2.00

++ 677.20 1.79

++ 726.20 1.75

++ 762.20 1.90

+++ 759.10 2.33

++ 762.20 1.91

+++ 773.90 2.00

+++ 773.90 2.00

+++ 773.90 2.00

+++ 757.90 1.90

++ 778.20  1.94*

++ 766.20  1.87*

++ 621.30  1.74*

+ 706.20 1.93

++ 789.80 1.90

++ 702.30 1.68

++ 740.10 2.05

++ 774.20 2.13

++ 659.20 1.91

++ 646.00 1.90

+++ 646.00 1.80

++ 617.00 2.10

++ 649.20 1.71

++ 633.20 1.82

++ 647.20 1.83

++ 790.80 1.90

++ 646.00 1.90

++ 628.20 1.97

++ 614.20 1.92

+++ 660.00 1.90

++ 674.00 1.90

+++ 674.00 2.00

+++ 648.30 1.82

++ 660.30 1.89

++ 661.20 1.95

+++ 634.20 1.81

+++ 660.00 1.80

++ 674.00 1.90

+++ 660.00 1.70

++ 674.30 2.01

++ 606.20 1.56

++ 606.20 1.66

+++ 593.00 1.90

++ 635.00 2.00

+++ 646.00 1.90

++ 740.10 2.13

++ 646.00 1.80

++ 696.20  2.04^(#)

++ 646.20 2.00

++ 647.00 1.90

++ 675.00 2.20

++ 622.00 1.80

++ 689.00 2.10

++ 677.30 2.00

++ 676.30 2.30

++ 675.30 2.00

++ 675.30 2.10

++ 635.30 1.70

+++ 769.20 2.17

+++ 761.10 2.08

++ 651.40 1.70

+++ 759.30 2.15

++ 665.40 1.90

+ 693.40 2.00

++ 645.40 2.37

++ 661.40  2.35*

++ 664.50 2.10

++ 663.40 1.90

++ 659.20 1.70

++ 675.30 1.70

++ 677.50 1.70

++ 649.50 1.80

++ 663.40 1.70

+++ 651.40 1.80

++ 665.50 1.80

++ 649.40 1.80

++ 657.30  2.45*

+ 635.40 1.70

+ 663.40 1.80

++ 663.30 1.80

++ 649.40 1.80

++ 661.40 1.70

++ 661.40 1.60

+++ 763.20  2.46*

++ 647.50 1.70

++ 648.40 1.80 

++ 621.30  2.36*

++ 677.20 1.70

++ 671.30  2.49*

++ 663.30 1.80  ^(#)Relative cis isomer corresponding to F-indane ether^($)Relative trans isomer corresponding to F-indane ether

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each of R^(1a),R^(1b), R^(1c), and R^(1d) is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl,wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl and —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl are optionally furthersubstituted with halogen, hydroxyl, methoxy, or ethoxy; L is a linkinggroup selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each of the subscripts q is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4, and Lis optionally further substituted with one or two members independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₃ alkyl,—O—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, and —CO₂H; Z isselected from the group consisting of azetidinyl and pyrrolidinyl, eachof which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 groups independentlyselected from halogen, CN, hydroxy, oxo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₃alkyl,—N(C₁₋₃alkyl)₂, —O—C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl,—OC(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —CO₂(C₁₋₄ alkyl), and —CO₂H; R^(2a) is H or halogen;each R^(2b) and R^(2c) is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, halogen, —CN, —R^(d), —CO₂R^(e), —CONR^(e)R^(f),—OC(O)NR^(e)R^(f), —NR^(f)C(O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(O)₂R^(d),—NR^(e)—C(O)NR^(e)R^(f), —NR^(e)R^(f), —OR^(e), —X²—OR^(e),—X²—NR^(e)R^(f), —X²—CO₂R^(e), —SF₅, and —S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(f), wherein eachX² is a C₁₋₄ alkylene; each R^(e) and R^(f) is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, or when attached to thesame nitrogen atom can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a fiveor six-membered ring having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ringmembers selected from N, O, and S, and optionally substituted with oxo;and each R^(d) is independently selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; R³ is selected from thegroup consisting of —NR^(g)R^(h) and C₄₋₁₂ heterocyclyl, wherein theC₄₋₁₂ heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 6 R^(3a); eachR^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,—CN, oxo, —R^(i), —CO₂R^(j), —CONR^(j)R^(k), —CONHC₁₋₆ alkyl-OH,—C(O)R^(j), —OC(O)NR^(j)R^(k), —NR^(j)C(O)R^(k), —NR^(j)C(O)₂R^(k),—CONHOH, —PO₃H₂, —NR^(j)—X³—C(O)₂R^(k), —NR^(j)C(O)NR^(j)R^(k),—NR^(j)R^(k), —OR^(j), —S(O)₂NR^(j)R^(k), —O—X³—OR^(j),—O—X³—NR^(j)R^(k), —O—X³—CO₂R^(j), —O—X³—CONR^(j)R^(k), —X³—OR^(j),—X³—NR^(j)R^(k), —X³—CO₂R^(j), —X³—CONR^(j)R^(k), —X³—CONHSO₂R^(j), andSF₅; wherein X³ is C₁₋₆ alkylene and is optionally further substitutedwith OH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈ alkyl, or CO₂H,wherein each R^(j) and R^(k) is independently selected from hydrogen,C₁₋₈ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 2 substituents independentlyselected from OH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈alkyl, andCO₂H, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 2 substituentsindependently selected from OH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂,COO—C₁₋₈alkyl, and CO₂H, or when attached to the same nitrogen atomR^(j) and R^(k) can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a five orsix-membered ring having from 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms as ringmembers selected from N, O, and S, and optionally substituted with oxo;and each R^(i) is independently selected from the group consisting of—OH, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, each of which may beoptionally substituted with OH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈alkyl, or CO₂H; R^(g) is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈haloalkyl, and C₁₋₈ alkyl; R^(h) is selected from —C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈haloalkyl, C₁₋₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₈alkyl-CO₂R^(j),C₁₋₈alkyl-CONR^(j)R^(k), C₁₋₈alkyl-CONHSO₂R^(j), C₁₋₈alkyl-SO₂NR^(j)R^(k), C₁₋₈ alkyl-SO₃R^(j), C₁₋₈ alkyl-B(OH)₂, C₁₋₈alkyl-PO₃H₂, C₁₋₈ alkyl-C(O)NHOH, C₁₋₈ alkyl-NR^(h1)R^(h2), —C(O)R^(j),C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, —C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-COOR^(j), —C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-OR^(j),C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl, —C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl-COOR^(j), —C₄₋₈heterocyclyl-OR^(j), —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₈alkyl-C₄₋₈ heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl,—C₁₋₈alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —C₁₋₈alkyl-(C═O)—C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —CO₂—C₁₋₈ alkyl-O₂C—C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₁₋₈alkyl-NH(C═O)—C₂₋₈ alkenyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-NH(C═O)—C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₁₋₈alkyl-NH(C═O)—C₂₋₈ alkynyl, —C₁₋₈ alkyl-(C═O)—NH—C₁₋₈ alkyl-COOR^(j),and —C₁₋₈ alkyl-(C═O)—NH—C₁₋₈ alkyl-OR^(j) optionally substituted withCO₂H; or R^(h) combined with the N to which it is attached is a mono-,di- or tri-peptide comprising 1-3 natural amino acids and 0-2non-natural amino acids, wherein the non-natural amino acids have analpha carbon substituent selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₄hydroxyalkyl, C₁₋₃ alkyl-guanidinyl, and C₁₋₄ alkyl-heteroaryl, thealpha carbon of each natural or non-natural amino acid is optionallyfurther substituted with a methyl group, and the terminal moiety of themono-, di-, or tri-peptide is selected from the group consisting ofC(O)OH, C(O)O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, and PO₃H₂, wherein R^(h1) and R^(h2) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, andC₁₋₄ hydroxyalkyl; the C₁₋₈ alkyl portions of R^(h) are optionallyfurther substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selectedfrom OH, COOH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, COO—C₁₋₈ alkyl, PO₃H₂, and C₅₋₆heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 to 2 C₁₋₃ alkyl substituents,the C₅₋₁₀ heteroaryl and the C₆₋₁₀ aryl portions of R^(h) are optionallysubstituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from OH,B(OH)₂, COOH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, COO—C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl,C₁₋₄alkyl-OH, C₁₋₄alkyl-SO₂NH₂, C₁₋₄alkyl CONH₂, C₁₋₄alkyl-C(O)NHOH,C₁₋₄alkyl-PO₃H₂, C₁₋₄alkyl-COOH, and phenyl, and the C₄₋₈ heterocyclyland C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl portions of R^(h) are optionally substituted with 1to 4 R^(w) substituents; each R^(w) substituent is independentlyselected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl-OH, C₁₋₄ alkyl-COOH, C₁₋₄alkyl-SO₂NH₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl CONH₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl-C(O)NHOH, C₁₋₄ alkyl-PO₃H,OH, COO—C₁₋₈ alkyl, COOH, SO₂NH₂, CONH₂, C(O)NHOH, PO₃H₂, and oxo; R⁴ isselected from the group consisting of O—C₁₋₈ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-C₆aryl, —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-C₄₋₇ heterocycloalkyl, and —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl-C₆heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(4a);each R^(4a) is independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CN, —R^(m), —CONR^(n)R^(p), and —OR^(n); wherein each R^(n)and R^(p) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈haloalkyl; and each R^(m) is independently selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; n is 0, 1,2, or 3; each R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CN, —R^(q), —CO₂R^(r), —CONR^(r)R^(s), —C(O)R^(r),—OC(O)NR^(r)R^(s), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(s), —NR^(r)C(O)₂R^(q),—NR^(r)—C(O)NR^(r)R^(s), —NR^(r)R^(s), —OR^(r), —O—X⁵—OR^(r),—O—X⁵—NR^(r)R^(s), —O—X⁵—CO₂R^(r), —O—X⁵—CONR^(r)R^(s), —X⁵—OR^(r),—X⁵—NR^(r)R^(s), —X⁵—CO₂R^(r), —X⁵—CONR^(r)R^(s), —SF₅, and—S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(s), wherein each X⁵ is a C₁₋₄ alkylene; each R^(r) andR^(s) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈haloalkyl, or when attached to the same nitrogen atom can be combinedwith the nitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered ring having from 0to 2 additional heteroatoms as ring members selected from N, O, and S,and optionally substituted with oxo; each R^(q) is independentlyselected from the group consisting of C₁₋₈ alkyl and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl;R^(6a) is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄haloalkyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each R^(6b) is independentlyselected from the group consisting of F, C₁₋₄ alkyl, O—R^(u), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, and NR^(u)R^(v), wherein each R^(u) and R^(v) isindependently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, orwhen attached to the same nitrogen atom can be combined with thenitrogen atom to form a five or six-membered ring having from 0 to 2additional heteroatoms as ring members selected from N, O, and S, andoptionally substituted with oxo.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the formula (Ia)


3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, having the formula (Ib)


4. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, having formula (Ia1) or (Ia2):


5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(2b) and R^(2c) is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄haloalkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein R³ is —NR^(g)R^(h).
 7. The compound of claim 1, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is C₄₋₁₂heterocyclyl, wherein the C₄₋₁₂ heterocyclyl is optionally substitutedwith 1 to 6 R^(3a).
 8. The compound of claim 7, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein the C₄₋₁₂ heterocyclyl is a C₇₋₁₁spiroheterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 6 R^(3a). 9.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of:


10. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of:


11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:


12. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein n is
 0. 13. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the group Z-L- isselected from the group consisting of:


14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein the group Z-L- is selected from the group consistingof:


15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R⁴ is


16. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R^(2b) and R^(2c) are both H.
 17. The compound of claim1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(2b) andR^(2c) are both H and R^(2a) is halogen.
 18. The compound of claim 1, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(2b) and R^(2c)are both H and R^(2a) is Cl.
 19. The compound of claim 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(6a) is H.
 20. Thecompound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein m is
 0. 21. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein: m is 1; and R^(6b) is selected fromthe group consisting of F, C₁₋₄ alkyl, O—R^(u), C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, andNR^(u)R^(v), wherein each R^(u) and R^(v) is independently selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈ haloalkyl.
 22. The compound of claim 1,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein m is 1 and R^(6b)is F.
 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient.
 24. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, selected from the group consisting of


25. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, selected from the group consisting of